Month: February 2024

A man squats on cracked, dry ground. Dead, dry fish lay on the ground where a pond used to be. | Photo by Kevin Herbian/NurPhoto via Getty Images

There’s a 90 percent chance that global average surface temperatures will reach a record high for the year leading up to June 2024, according to new research published today in the journal Scientific Reports. Some places will be more sweltering than others, particularly in parts of Asia. The heat has cascading effects, like raising the risk of drought and wildfire.
A weather pattern known as El Niño is to blame. El Niño is part of a natural, cyclical phenomenon, but climate change heightens the stakes by raising baseline temperatures before El Niño swoops in to push the mercury up even higher.
“We have seen that this type of warming can cause a lot of troubles in the world, so we want to give people a heads up,” says Deliang Chen, one of the authors of the new research and a professor in the department of earth sciences at the University of Gothenburg.
“We want to give people a heads up.”
There are three phases to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with El Niño being the extreme warm phase of the cycle. During a neutral phase, trade winds over the Pacific Ocean push warm waters near South America west toward Asia, allowing cooler water to rise from the deep toward the surface of the ocean. Those winds weaken during El Niño, creating a large area in the Pacific that is much warmer than usual. As a result, heat that’s been stored in the ocean is released into the atmosphere.
That’s why El Niño can lead to weird weather, although its effects tend to vary from region to region. Before the current El Niño developed last June, forecasters were already heralding the havoc it could cause. The World Meteorological Organization said that along with climate change, it would “push global temperatures into uncharted territory.” Unsurprisingly, 2023 wound up being the hottest year since record-keeping began in 1850 — with temperatures unofficially thought to be the hottest in at least the last 100,000 years.
To predict what’s in store for 2024, Chen and his colleagues modeled two possible scenarios: one under a moderate El Niño and another under a strong El Niño. With a moderate El Niño, the Bay of Bengal and the Philippines can expect to be the hardest hit this year. The Philippines, a tropical archipelago in the Pacific, faces continued drought over the next several months. In the Bay of Bengal, which borders several countries in South and Southeast Asia, El Niño often leads to marine heatwaves that can bleach and kill coral reefs that nearby communities rely on for their livelihoods and that provide a buffer against tropical storms.

Image: Ning Jiang and Congwen Zhu via Scientific Reports

Predicted global surface air temperature variation for 2024 (color shaded) under (a) a moderate El Niño scenario and b) a strong El Niño scenario. Darker red coloring indicates areas with higher temperatures. The regions expected to experience record-breaking heat are marked by blue dots. Black boxes in (b) note hard-hit regions: the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, the Caribbean Sea, Alaska, and the Amazon.

A strong El Niño would also break temperature records across the Caribbean, South China Sea, Amazon, and Alaska this year, according to the new research. The Caribbean, South China Sea, and Bay of Bengal could all face year-round marine heatwaves under this more extreme scenario. Severe drought could fuel wildfires in the Amazon, while sky-high temperatures might speed the loss of glaciers and permafrost in Alaska. Strong El Niños in the past have cost the global economy trillions of dollars.
Fortunately, the world might dodge a bullet this year with a moderate El Niño now looking most likely. But even that is expected to be enough to push the world past a new record for global average surface temperature by June. El Niño is forecast to end by then, but typically rolls back around every two to seven years.

A man squats on cracked, dry ground. Dead, dry fish lay on the ground where a pond used to be. | Photo by Kevin Herbian/NurPhoto via Getty Images

There’s a 90 percent chance that global average surface temperatures will reach a record high for the year leading up to June 2024, according to new research published today in the journal Scientific Reports. Some places will be more sweltering than others, particularly in parts of Asia. The heat has cascading effects, like raising the risk of drought and wildfire.

A weather pattern known as El Niño is to blame. El Niño is part of a natural, cyclical phenomenon, but climate change heightens the stakes by raising baseline temperatures before El Niño swoops in to push the mercury up even higher.

“We have seen that this type of warming can cause a lot of troubles in the world, so we want to give people a heads up,” says Deliang Chen, one of the authors of the new research and a professor in the department of earth sciences at the University of Gothenburg.

There are three phases to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with El Niño being the extreme warm phase of the cycle. During a neutral phase, trade winds over the Pacific Ocean push warm waters near South America west toward Asia, allowing cooler water to rise from the deep toward the surface of the ocean. Those winds weaken during El Niño, creating a large area in the Pacific that is much warmer than usual. As a result, heat that’s been stored in the ocean is released into the atmosphere.

That’s why El Niño can lead to weird weather, although its effects tend to vary from region to region. Before the current El Niño developed last June, forecasters were already heralding the havoc it could cause. The World Meteorological Organization said that along with climate change, it would “push global temperatures into uncharted territory.” Unsurprisingly, 2023 wound up being the hottest year since record-keeping began in 1850 — with temperatures unofficially thought to be the hottest in at least the last 100,000 years.

To predict what’s in store for 2024, Chen and his colleagues modeled two possible scenarios: one under a moderate El Niño and another under a strong El Niño. With a moderate El Niño, the Bay of Bengal and the Philippines can expect to be the hardest hit this year. The Philippines, a tropical archipelago in the Pacific, faces continued drought over the next several months. In the Bay of Bengal, which borders several countries in South and Southeast Asia, El Niño often leads to marine heatwaves that can bleach and kill coral reefs that nearby communities rely on for their livelihoods and that provide a buffer against tropical storms.

A strong El Niño would also break temperature records across the Caribbean, South China Sea, Amazon, and Alaska this year, according to the new research. The Caribbean, South China Sea, and Bay of Bengal could all face year-round marine heatwaves under this more extreme scenario. Severe drought could fuel wildfires in the Amazon, while sky-high temperatures might speed the loss of glaciers and permafrost in Alaska. Strong El Niños in the past have cost the global economy trillions of dollars.

Fortunately, the world might dodge a bullet this year with a moderate El Niño now looking most likely. But even that is expected to be enough to push the world past a new record for global average surface temperature by June. El Niño is forecast to end by then, but typically rolls back around every two to seven years.

Read More 

Photo by Amelia Holowaty Krales / The Verge

Apple has expanded its Self Service Repair program to include the MacBook Pro and iMac models powered by its M3 processor. That means users with the company’s latest Mac hardware can now access the tools, parts, and repair manuals they need to fix their devices from Apple’s self-repair website.
Additionally, Apple plans on making its remote diagnostic tool available to customers with M3 Macs starting next month. The tool, which Apple first introduced for M2 Macs and the iPhone 15 late last year, allows users to test devices to ensure “optimal part functionality and performance,” while also identifying any parts that might need repair.
Apple also says it’s streamlining the System Configuration process for “all Mac models.” The change will no longer require Mac users to contact Apple support to validate the repairs they’re making, which has been criticized as an unnecessary step. Apple notes that its team “will still be available to assist as needed,” and that the updated process will arrive in countries where Self Service Repair is available next month.
Apple first launched its Self Service Repair program in April 2022 and has been building it out ever since. The company also announced a nationwide right-to-repair commitment last year. However, Apple was caught lobbying against a right-to-repair bill in Oregon earlier this month that would rule out parts pairing, a requirement that companies like Apple impose that prevents users from repairing a device with aftermarket parts.

Photo by Amelia Holowaty Krales / The Verge

Apple has expanded its Self Service Repair program to include the MacBook Pro and iMac models powered by its M3 processor. That means users with the company’s latest Mac hardware can now access the tools, parts, and repair manuals they need to fix their devices from Apple’s self-repair website.

Additionally, Apple plans on making its remote diagnostic tool available to customers with M3 Macs starting next month. The tool, which Apple first introduced for M2 Macs and the iPhone 15 late last year, allows users to test devices to ensure “optimal part functionality and performance,” while also identifying any parts that might need repair.

Apple also says it’s streamlining the System Configuration process for “all Mac models.” The change will no longer require Mac users to contact Apple support to validate the repairs they’re making, which has been criticized as an unnecessary step. Apple notes that its team “will still be available to assist as needed,” and that the updated process will arrive in countries where Self Service Repair is available next month.

Apple first launched its Self Service Repair program in April 2022 and has been building it out ever since. The company also announced a nationwide right-to-repair commitment last year. However, Apple was caught lobbying against a right-to-repair bill in Oregon earlier this month that would rule out parts pairing, a requirement that companies like Apple impose that prevents users from repairing a device with aftermarket parts.

Read More 

Photo by Amelia Holowaty Krales / The Verge

All you need are NFC stickers, a reader, a MiSTer, and a lot of patience to add a physical touch to ROMs. I have a large collection of physical video games. Each passing year, this somewhat prosaic characteristic becomes more and more notable, both in terms of uniqueness and — considering the age of much of my collection, coupled with the unyielding passage of time — complexity. With the trajectory of video game distribution hurtling toward a digital-only future, my insistence on preserving some of its history keeps me connected to the objects and, more importantly, the experiences they contain in a way that a digital library cannot. While I understand and even appreciate many parts of this ongoing digital transition, I grieve the passage of an earlier world in which games had a kind of permanence unencumbered by server status or mercurial licensing agreements and instead just worked.
Well, kind of work.
Whether inserting a game into a console results in the desired outcome depends on a litany of factors, including but certainly not limited to: storage medium; storage conditions; soldered battery status; video signal; disc drive motors; disc drive lasers; motherboard damage from failing capacitors leaking electrolytic fluid all over your increasingly rare and fragile circuit board, eating away at the traces and making the entire thing maybe not work. I sometimes spin around in my office chair to admire my collection, only to be reminded that we are both warriors in a battle against the same final boss: the slow, gradual degradation of the complex web of systems that make us work.
While I’m no stranger to the allure of video game emulation, even my preferred solution — the wonderful MiSTer, powered by a kind of shape-shifting silicon that lets it emulate hardware platforms with impressive accuracy — can still leave me lacking that connection to the physical game.
But what if there were a way to split the difference and enjoy the accuracy and simplicity of a MiSTer but feel some connection to the collection I’ve maintained all these years? Enter: the humble NFC tag.

Metal Gear Solid’s clear Game Boy Color cartridge presented some challenge in hiding the NFC sticker.

Any excuse to play more Rhythm Tengoku, thank you.

NFC stands for near-field communication, the same technology that lets you check out from a store using your phone or watch. In that scenario, both your device and the point-of-sale device are powered, or “active,” and establish an encrypted channel via Apple or Google Pay to transmit your banking information. That seems really complicated. In this instance, we’re talking about a “passive” connection in which one device broadcasts a magnetic field (this is the NFC reader) and the other device (an unpowered sticker or card with an internal antenna) modulates that field in order to transmit a simple text-based payload — namely, the location of a ROM file to be loaded.
I first spotted developer Wizzo’s contribution to the MiSTer scene in a random tweet, watching as someone tapped an NFC card onto an arcade cabinet to load a game. My mind raced.
Certainly, the mechanics of an arcade cabinet make loading new arcade boards cumbersome but also requires owning arcade boards. This is, of course, the great ethical dilemma of emulation. If you don’t own an actual arcade PCB of, say, Cave’s excellent 2001 horizontal shmup Progear, then are you entitled to emulate it? What if you buy it for $1.99 from Steam as part of the Capcom Arcade Stadium package? What if you have spent $20 on it in quarters in the past? What if you just really like it?

This NFC sticker triggers the North American version of Mother 2… because I don’t have a copy of the wildly expensive EarthBound.

To add another wrinkle, what if you do have the PCB of Progear or, in my case, a large collection of over 1,000 console games? You could naturally invest in an open-source cart reader, like this handsome one from Save the Hero Builders, and dump all of your cartridges. For disc-based games, you could follow Redump’s authoritative guide here — note: use a compatible disc drive for CD-ROM dumping — or you could avail yourself of a Google search for “[game title] and [Redump]” and see what you come up with. I can’t answer these questions for you, but I trust if you’ve made it this far into this piece, you’ve already arrived at some comfortable resolution when it comes to the provenance of your video game ROM files. Safe travels out there!
So far, we have both video game ROM files (check) and a general sense of ennui from scrolling through a list of video game ROM files (also check). So I finally committed to the NFC concept, and with one quick order, I was on my way to addressing the latter by embedding small NFC stickers capable of delivering a 504-byte payload inside some of my favorite games, thereby turning my Doom 32X cartridge into an access badge capable of loading that game. (Or, in this specific instance, the incredible Doom 32X Resurrection 3.1 mod, which is also playable on original hardware.)

It’s Doom 32X, although that NFC sticker triggers a much-improved mod.

Now, for the how-to section of this report.
First, this project is BYO MiSTer. For more on just what a MiSTer is, you can read my explainer on Polygon or this excellent piece from Sam Byford here on The Verge. If a Raspberry Pi or some other retro gaming solution is more your speed, there is some hope for you: the project page says it “currently supports the MiSTer FPGA platform, with more [platforms] planned.”
Next, you’ll need an NFC reader that is compatible with the MiSTer. While DIY options exist, the project’s GitHub page recommended a plug-and-play USB option using the ACR122U hardware for reading and writing tags. “The ACR122U has been cloned for years and is readily available by searching for ‘ACR122U’ on sites like Amazon, eBay, and AliExpress,” the page states. I ordered this one off AliExpress; however, the GitHub page cautions that while “most listings are fine” some variants don’t work with this tool, so they recommend not buying “the literal cheapest listing available.”

Next, you’ll want to order some NFC tags. There are a handful of different options, with the main distinctions being storage capacity and form factor — there are cards, key tags, and stickers. I mostly stuck to the NTAG215 standard, which packs 504 bytes of storage, enough for the full path of even the longest-named ROM files in your collection. For form, it really depends on your use case. My ACR122U came with 10 cards, which I will get into below, but for the purposes of this project, I went with these stickers from Amazon. At one inch in diameter, they should fit perfectly and discretely inside various video game cartridges and jewel cases (though, at 22 cents each, I wasn’t going to attempt to label my entire collection).
With the physical stuff out of the way, it’s software time. Installation instructions are on the project’s GitHub page, but if you’re already running the wonderful “Update All” script, you just need to enable the “MiSTer Extensions” repository in the “Tools & Scripts” menu; otherwise, it’s a simple matter of copying the latest release to the “Scripts” folder on your MiSTer’s SD card.
With the reader and the tags, you’ll need to write the necessary path information to the card so the MiSTer will know what file to load. By far the easiest way to do this is by using the script that powers this whole thing. You can load it from the MiSTer’s Scripts menu and choose the second option: Write. From there, you can either select or search for a game from your MiSTer’s storage or craft a custom command to do things like load a specific core, launch a random game, insert “coins” for arcade titles, and more. Then, simply tap the tag to the ACR122U and, beep, you’re done. You can test your unit in the same script by selecting the Read option from the main menu.

The stickers even work on HuCards and disc-based games, if you have the jewel cases.

The fun part for me was deciding which games to put my stickers into and then opening everything up and sneaking a sticker in there. HuCards are very minimal, and TurboGrafx-16 cases didn’t have a great place to hide the sticker, so I did my best, while Game Boy Advance cartridges required some careful trimming to fit inside without damaging the guts of the NFC token. Another limitation is, once you’re done, loading a game requires some memory of roughly where you stored that sticker, because the field generated by the ACR122U doesn’t reach very far. The spec sheet says it should reach as far as five centimeters (or roughly two inches), depending on the kind of tag used; though, in my experience with both card and sticker formats, it essentially requires touching the object to that USB-connected NFC dongle. I began to think of this finicky behavior — was it this side of the cartridge or the other side? — as a welcome analog to how some carts function in their native hardware. Just give it a little wiggle.
Shortly after taking delivery of the NFC reader and tags, the previously unnamed NFC project was rebranded TapTo, and along with that branding, came a host of additional features that I, in full disclosure, have not taken advantage of yet. But I’d still like to share them with you. The biggest one is this really slick image generator for cards. The TapTo Designer is a web app by Andrea Bogazzi, that “allows you to easily add images, which will be automatically applied to templates and made available to be exported for printing.” Just playing around with the tool already has me thinking about new projects to satisfy this same impulse of trying to bring shape and form to the abstraction of a ROM file.

I just took delivery of a Sega New Astro City arcade cabinet, another 30-year-old piece of technology that I want to take care of forever. Its caps need work, its light strip is broken, the single-player Blast City panel needs to be replaced, and I’m thinking about which arcade games I’ll make NFC cards for.

Photo by Amelia Holowaty Krales / The Verge

All you need are NFC stickers, a reader, a MiSTer, and a lot of patience to add a physical touch to ROMs.

I have a large collection of physical video games. Each passing year, this somewhat prosaic characteristic becomes more and more notable, both in terms of uniqueness and — considering the age of much of my collection, coupled with the unyielding passage of time — complexity. With the trajectory of video game distribution hurtling toward a digital-only future, my insistence on preserving some of its history keeps me connected to the objects and, more importantly, the experiences they contain in a way that a digital library cannot. While I understand and even appreciate many parts of this ongoing digital transition, I grieve the passage of an earlier world in which games had a kind of permanence unencumbered by server status or mercurial licensing agreements and instead just worked.

Well, kind of work.

Whether inserting a game into a console results in the desired outcome depends on a litany of factors, including but certainly not limited to: storage medium; storage conditions; soldered battery status; video signal; disc drive motors; disc drive lasers; motherboard damage from failing capacitors leaking electrolytic fluid all over your increasingly rare and fragile circuit board, eating away at the traces and making the entire thing maybe not work. I sometimes spin around in my office chair to admire my collection, only to be reminded that we are both warriors in a battle against the same final boss: the slow, gradual degradation of the complex web of systems that make us work.

While I’m no stranger to the allure of video game emulation, even my preferred solution — the wonderful MiSTer, powered by a kind of shape-shifting silicon that lets it emulate hardware platforms with impressive accuracy — can still leave me lacking that connection to the physical game.

But what if there were a way to split the difference and enjoy the accuracy and simplicity of a MiSTer but feel some connection to the collection I’ve maintained all these years? Enter: the humble NFC tag.

NFC stands for near-field communication, the same technology that lets you check out from a store using your phone or watch. In that scenario, both your device and the point-of-sale device are powered, or “active,” and establish an encrypted channel via Apple or Google Pay to transmit your banking information. That seems really complicated. In this instance, we’re talking about a “passive” connection in which one device broadcasts a magnetic field (this is the NFC reader) and the other device (an unpowered sticker or card with an internal antenna) modulates that field in order to transmit a simple text-based payload — namely, the location of a ROM file to be loaded.

I first spotted developer Wizzo’s contribution to the MiSTer scene in a random tweet, watching as someone tapped an NFC card onto an arcade cabinet to load a game. My mind raced.

Certainly, the mechanics of an arcade cabinet make loading new arcade boards cumbersome but also requires owning arcade boards. This is, of course, the great ethical dilemma of emulation. If you don’t own an actual arcade PCB of, say, Cave’s excellent 2001 horizontal shmup Progear, then are you entitled to emulate it? What if you buy it for $1.99 from Steam as part of the Capcom Arcade Stadium package? What if you have spent $20 on it in quarters in the past? What if you just really like it?

To add another wrinkle, what if you do have the PCB of Progear or, in my case, a large collection of over 1,000 console games? You could naturally invest in an open-source cart reader, like this handsome one from Save the Hero Builders, and dump all of your cartridges. For disc-based games, you could follow Redump’s authoritative guide here — note: use a compatible disc drive for CD-ROM dumping — or you could avail yourself of a Google search for “[game title] and [Redump]” and see what you come up with. I can’t answer these questions for you, but I trust if you’ve made it this far into this piece, you’ve already arrived at some comfortable resolution when it comes to the provenance of your video game ROM files. Safe travels out there!

So far, we have both video game ROM files (check) and a general sense of ennui from scrolling through a list of video game ROM files (also check). So I finally committed to the NFC concept, and with one quick order, I was on my way to addressing the latter by embedding small NFC stickers capable of delivering a 504-byte payload inside some of my favorite games, thereby turning my Doom 32X cartridge into an access badge capable of loading that game. (Or, in this specific instance, the incredible Doom 32X Resurrection 3.1 mod, which is also playable on original hardware.)

It’s Doom 32X, although that NFC sticker triggers a much-improved mod.

Now, for the how-to section of this report.

First, this project is BYO MiSTer. For more on just what a MiSTer is, you can read my explainer on Polygon or this excellent piece from Sam Byford here on The Verge. If a Raspberry Pi or some other retro gaming solution is more your speed, there is some hope for you: the project page says it “currently supports the MiSTer FPGA platform, with more [platforms] planned.”

Next, you’ll need an NFC reader that is compatible with the MiSTer. While DIY options exist, the project’s GitHub page recommended a plug-and-play USB option using the ACR122U hardware for reading and writing tags. “The ACR122U has been cloned for years and is readily available by searching for ‘ACR122U’ on sites like Amazon, eBay, and AliExpress,” the page states. I ordered this one off AliExpress; however, the GitHub page cautions that while “most listings are fine” some variants don’t work with this tool, so they recommend not buying “the literal cheapest listing available.”

Next, you’ll want to order some NFC tags. There are a handful of different options, with the main distinctions being storage capacity and form factor — there are cards, key tags, and stickers. I mostly stuck to the NTAG215 standard, which packs 504 bytes of storage, enough for the full path of even the longest-named ROM files in your collection. For form, it really depends on your use case. My ACR122U came with 10 cards, which I will get into below, but for the purposes of this project, I went with these stickers from Amazon. At one inch in diameter, they should fit perfectly and discretely inside various video game cartridges and jewel cases (though, at 22 cents each, I wasn’t going to attempt to label my entire collection).

With the physical stuff out of the way, it’s software time. Installation instructions are on the project’s GitHub page, but if you’re already running the wonderful “Update All” script, you just need to enable the “MiSTer Extensions” repository in the “Tools & Scripts” menu; otherwise, it’s a simple matter of copying the latest release to the “Scripts” folder on your MiSTer’s SD card.

With the reader and the tags, you’ll need to write the necessary path information to the card so the MiSTer will know what file to load. By far the easiest way to do this is by using the script that powers this whole thing. You can load it from the MiSTer’s Scripts menu and choose the second option: Write. From there, you can either select or search for a game from your MiSTer’s storage or craft a custom command to do things like load a specific core, launch a random game, insert “coins” for arcade titles, and more. Then, simply tap the tag to the ACR122U and, beep, you’re done. You can test your unit in the same script by selecting the Read option from the main menu.

The stickers even work on HuCards and disc-based games, if you have the jewel cases.

The fun part for me was deciding which games to put my stickers into and then opening everything up and sneaking a sticker in there. HuCards are very minimal, and TurboGrafx-16 cases didn’t have a great place to hide the sticker, so I did my best, while Game Boy Advance cartridges required some careful trimming to fit inside without damaging the guts of the NFC token. Another limitation is, once you’re done, loading a game requires some memory of roughly where you stored that sticker, because the field generated by the ACR122U doesn’t reach very far. The spec sheet says it should reach as far as five centimeters (or roughly two inches), depending on the kind of tag used; though, in my experience with both card and sticker formats, it essentially requires touching the object to that USB-connected NFC dongle. I began to think of this finicky behavior — was it this side of the cartridge or the other side? — as a welcome analog to how some carts function in their native hardware. Just give it a little wiggle.

Shortly after taking delivery of the NFC reader and tags, the previously unnamed NFC project was rebranded TapTo, and along with that branding, came a host of additional features that I, in full disclosure, have not taken advantage of yet. But I’d still like to share them with you. The biggest one is this really slick image generator for cards. The TapTo Designer is a web app by Andrea Bogazzi, that “allows you to easily add images, which will be automatically applied to templates and made available to be exported for printing.” Just playing around with the tool already has me thinking about new projects to satisfy this same impulse of trying to bring shape and form to the abstraction of a ROM file.

I just took delivery of a Sega New Astro City arcade cabinet, another 30-year-old piece of technology that I want to take care of forever. Its caps need work, its light strip is broken, the single-player Blast City panel needs to be replaced, and I’m thinking about which arcade games I’ll make NFC cards for.

Read More